Digital literacy and learning motivation in android-based education: Exploring the role of cultural beliefs in shaping primary school pupils' cultural awareness

Abstract

This study was motivated by the importance of strengthening cultural awareness among primary school students in the digital age, particularly through the use of Android-based learning media. The purpose of this study is to analyse the influence of cultural beliefs (CB), cultural perceptions (CP), the use of Android-based media (ABM), learning motivation (LM), and digital literacy (DL) on students' cultural awareness. The research methodology employed a quantitative approach with an explanatory survey design. There were 193 respondents, consisting of grades 4th and 5th primary school students in Lombok, selected through purposive sampling. The instruments were validated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), with satisfactory validity and reliability results (CR = 0.84–0.87; ? = 0.82–0.85). The analysis of the relationships between variables was conducted using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The findings showed that cultural beliefs had a significant effect on cultural perceptions (? = 0.62; p < 0.001), and cultural perceptions had a significant effect on cultural awareness (? = 0.58; p < 0.001). However, the direct path from cultural beliefs to cultural awareness was not significant. The use of Android-based media influenced learning motivation (? = 0.54; p < 0.001) and cultural awareness (? = 0.41; p < 0.001). In addition, learning motivation also had a significant effect on cultural awareness (? = 0.41; p < 0.001). Mediation effects were identified in CB ? CP ? CA (full mediation) and ABM ? LM ? CA (partial mediation). Digital literacy was found to moderate the effect of ABM on CA (? = 0.19; p < 0.001), but did not moderate the relationship between LM and CA. The findings emphasise that strengthening students' cultural awareness results from complex interactions among cultural factors, motivation, technology, and digital literacy. This study highlights the importance of integrating Android-based media with strategies to enhance learning motivation and digital literacy in order to optimise culture-based learning in primary schools.